New Blog: the "How Can Renee Make This Code Better" blog

Over the weekend, I worked on the CS class I'm taking online, and solved a problem that had been frustrating me. I got so giddy when it worked and so wanted to show it to someone that I took a screenshot and posted it on my Facebook wall.

A couple of friends commented on the picture, and my friend Ben even went so far as to IM me and start giving feedback. I find it much more satisfying to do work when other people who understand what you're doing can see it and tell you what they think. At Stanford, students who are actually enrolled in the class get "interactive grading sessions," where the TA will sit down with them for 30 min to review the code and discuss what's good and bad about it. This is particularly important, since you can write a program that completes the task required, but still have produced a poor program; there are usually more than one ways to get the task done, and some strategies are more efficient or flexible to change than others.

I don't have a Stanford TA, and I can't walk to the next workstation and ask a Google engineer what he or she thinks about my program, but I do have inquisitive, generous friends who have studied programming, so I'm creating this other blog in the hopes of getting that interaction which is so important to learning CS.

Blog: http://reneecoding.blogspot.com/

Oh, so THAT's what Larry Summers meant

A couple of days ago, I was talking with one of my new roommates about his job. Shawn works at an organization called ADVANCE, and our chat went something like this:

Renee: "ADVANCE? What do they do?"

Shawn: "They deal with inequality in higher education. As you get higher and higher in education, the proportion of women and underrepresented minorities gets smaller and smaller, until you're looking at tenured faculty and the proportion is 3%. So we try to figure out where the gaps are."

Renee: "Oh! Cool! What gaps?"

Shawn: "So if we're talking about tenure, for example. Many woman professors take time off to have kids, and if you take time off from your research, your tenure clock restarts. So women are thinking, 'Is it worth pursuing this career if I'm going to have to start over again when I have a kid?' The fact that there are so few women and minorities in tenured positions-- part of it is because of blatant sexism, sure. But a lot of it is because of systematic flaws like this that just make it harder for them to achieve."

At this point, I got to thinking about a lecture delivered by one of my favorite econ profs, Ann Velenchik. She was exploring the question, Why do girls in developing world get less education than boys do?

She parsed out all the potential reasons, including:

A. Education-as-consumption reasons:

1. Girls get less inherent satisfaction out of school than boys do (as if!)

2. Parents get less inherent satisfaction out of educated daughters than educated sons

B. Education-as-investment reasons:

1. The opportunity cost of schooling is greater for daughters than sons; if children aren't in school, they can work. Or, they can replace their parents at home so that the parents can work, and in agricultural homes, girls are a closer replacement for their mothers than boys are for their fathers.

2. The investment returns stay in the family for less time, as sons earn money that goes back to the family, but girls marry and contribute to the husband's family.

She didn't come down on any one reason; the point of the lecture wasn't to come up with an answer. The point was to get people thinking of schooling as a rational, economics-driven decision, instead of a sexist, values-driven one. (In a sign of what was to come, she kicked off the lecture by stating, "I'm an economist, so we're going to be thinking about this issue as economists do.") If we think of girls schooling as a rational, economics-driven decision, we can solve it with economics. For example, the Progresa program in Mexico, which gives aid to poor families, has subsidies for families if they send daughters to school. (There is a smaller amount attached to sending the sons to school). The program attempts to neutralize the economic decision for families.

If we think of girls schooling as a values-driven decision, we solve it by passing laws that make it mandatory for girls to attend school, sending Angelina Jolie on a speaking tour, etc.

In an infamous speech, then-president of Harvard Larry Summers was trying to take the same analytical approach to tackle the question, Why are there so few female tenured faculty in the math and sciences?

He also parsed out several hypotheses, including:

1. Becoming tenured faculty requires insane hours-- a sacrifice difficult for women who want to have kids

2. There are fewer women with off-the-charts brainpower

3. Discrimination on the part of universities

As you probably know, the academic community exploded in the aftermath of this speech. Many professionals in math and engineering were offended that someone in his position would imply that women and men have different levels of ability, and women faculty at Harvard were frustrated at what appeared to be a lack of support from their president. Summers resigned the following year.

In fact, what Larry was trying to do was apply a technical framework to tackling what he agreed was a serious problem. In a sign of his intentions, Larry kicked off the speech by saying, "I think it's important to try to think systematically and clinically about the reasons for underrepresentation."

I think Prof. Velenchik did a better job of encouraging her listeners to think like economists because she didn't come down on any one answer. Summers, on the other hand, stated outright that he believes in reasons #1 and #2, and was completely dismissive of #3. This took attention away from his "Let's be analytical" perspective and focused attention on his "These are my opinions" perspective.

If you're interested, you can find the Summers speech here, and listen to Prof. Velenchik's lecture by looking up "Wellesley College" in the ITunes store.

Addendum: ...And, if Obama were to realize that many Americans are continuing to drive gas guzzlers out of economic-based reasons, not just values-based reasons, he would offer an incentive for them to switch. Oh! wait, he just did:

"The CARS program is intended to encourage consumers who own an older, gas guzzler to purchase or lease a new, more fuel-efficient vehicle. In doing so, it is expected to give the auto industry a sales boost, while at the same time transitioning participating car owners to thriftier vehicles and thereby reducing national fuel consumption...Purchased vehicles may be from domestic or foreign brands, through participating dealers."

http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/06/president-obama-signs-cash-for-clunkers-car-allowance-rebate-system.html

Something Intriguing: The Netbook Revolution

WIRED magazine's March 2009 issue has a really interesting article on netbooks-- those small, light, and cheap laptop computers that are rising in popularity (15 million sold late 2007-2008, or 7% of all laptops sold worldwide). Here's some info from the article:


$300, not $1,000 like a standard laptop. How?
-Flash memory, not a hard drive
-Open-source Linux operating system, not Microsoft XP
-4GB of storage, not ~80GB as is standard in a laptop.

In short, you have a small notebook computer that can't store hardly anything. But it does do the internet, with wireless capabilities that are the same as a laptop.

2 interesting trends that netbooks push forward:

1) Base-of-the-Pyramid Design Cycle, where innovation trickles up.
The cost-saving technology in netbooks was conceived for One Laptop Per Child (OLPC). MIT's Media Lab, which is driving OLPC to deliver computers to children in resource-strapped countries like Rwanda, contracted the Taiwanese firm Quanta to manufacture the devices. Quanta's competitor Asustek (also based in Taiwan) caught on and started making adult-style low-cost laptops, and middle-class consumers are buying them up. Now, US companies like Dell are forced to develop netbook lines to penetrate markets like China and India, and it's a wonderful way for consumers in those regions to enter the computer market.

2) Showtime for Cloud Computing.
Because storage space and processing power are so small, just about the only think you can use netbooks for is the internet. Yet since most of what I use my computer for is internet-based (emailing, blogging, Facebook-ing, even word processing now on Google Docs), then the quality of my experience depends on the performance of machines external to my personal device. As long as I have a good internet connection, I can get away with buying a cheap computer.

Personally, I'm excited by what netbooks are doing to open up PC access for much of the world; if I didn't already have a work computer and a home computer that function fine, I'd consider getting one. 2 things that might stop me: First, I download PDFs and pictures to my hard drive all the time. There are cloud-based services like Dropbox which can step in, so netbooks should integrate smoothly with web-based file storage in order for users to find them convenient. Second, there are still several programs I need that would prevent me from switching over completely. Yet article predicts that more and more powerful functions will be available on the cloud, letting people switch to internet-based programs to do things like video-editing online the way Writely (now Google Docs) lets you do word-processing online. Looking forward to what will come next.

Engineering Everywhere, including my living room

This month, I started taking a computer science class online, along with my friend from high school, Corey. Neither of us have any technical experience, but we're taking the computer science class at Stanford for freshmen with no prior background. It's a blast. I won't be able to understand what the Google engineers are talking about anytime soon (hmmm, or ever), but it's fun to tackle the puzzles that come up when you're trying to solve a CS problem.

Take this first assignment for example. We have a robot (named Karel-- he's Czech :) ) who lives in a quadrangle of 3 arches and 4 columns. If you look at the first frame of the video, you can see that the columns have some stones missing. What's the best way to make Karel replace the stones? 

There are four basic commands you can work with:

-move forward

-turn left

-put down a stone

-pick up a stone (we don't use the last command in this particular problem)

[[From the basic commands, you can extend out to "turn around" 180 degrees by commanding two left turns. Also, assume Karel has an infinate number of stones he carries with him.]]

There are three challenges to tackling computer programming. First is simply nailing the syntax; those characters and brackets that the software demands in order to read properly. The second challenge is a more sophisticated logic problem; after you get the syntax right, there are a dozen ways you can get the robot to fix the quad like you see in the video. The trick is how you can define your commands to make your program as universal as possible.

It's easy enough to move Karel to where the gaps are and make him put down stones. We actually want to make Karel think for himself, so that we can relocate him (with the same programming) to a different quad.  So for example, the stones are missing from arbitrary spots; can we make a program that works if the gaps are in different spots? There are four columns of five stones each, but can we program Karel to fix this quad OR a quad of different size and shape?

The third challenge, which is emphasized very eloquently by the prof, is writing programs that humans can understand. You should write so that computers can understand your commands, but it's more important that people can interpret your program too. Here's why.

Programs break. If a new engineer needs to go in to your program and fix it, or if he needs to alter your program to do something slightly different, your program needs to be clear enough for a stranger to make adjustments. Otherwise, he's better off scrapping your work completely.

This last requirement of practicing proper form reminds me of the summer I worked on a boat. There are such particular ways of coiling a rope or tying down the pulleys that raise a sail. I had thought that these rules were extraordinarily nit-picky, but you want standard rules so that in an emergency, any sailor can pick up a line you tied down and adjust it without having to figure out your particular knot. Same goes for a code you've written-- you want it to be as clear as possible.

Taking the class has been fun, as evidenced by the delighted and geeky messages between Corey and me. I encourage other people to have a look:

Lecture 2 | Programming Methodology (Stanford)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LoKDDRlfZc

Cyberlaw, and Journalism At The Crossroads

Last night, I listened to a great interview of Lawrence Lessig with Terry Gross. Most of what he said were extremely clear and persuasive versions of ideas already on my mind from past articles and programs-- not surprising because Lessig and the center he founded (Stanford's Center for Internet and Society) originated many of our culture's ideas on 21st-century IP law. Overall, he wants the law be flexible and encourage the creativity that content-sharing on the Net allows, from researching academic journals to remixing music samples.

In one great section, Terry asked about the revenue declines that newspapers have been suffering as we increasingly get our news online. Lessig agreed this is a problem, and his greatest concern is that investigative journalism is endangered. Yes we have blogs and Twitter, but newspapers used to assign reporters to a story for months at a time to uncover corruption or expose readers to a faraway war-- an important service for our democracy. Now even major papers can't afford to pay for a long-term assignment.

Lessig said that papers have suffered a lot from Craigslist, which, though a useful tool, has wiped out classifieds. This led me to two questions:

1) Where do newspapers typically make their money? (% subscriptions, % advertising, % classifieds....I would have guessed classifieds are minor.)
2) Do we have a Seymour Hersh (who exposed the My Lai massacre in Vietnam for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch) or Woodward and Bernstein (who broke the story of the Watergate scandal in the Washington Post)? Who are the great investigative journalists of our generation? The two that come to mind are from TV: Christiane Amanpour and Mike Wallace (the latter of which was, incidentally, the great investigative journalist of the last generation).

You can listen to the full interview on the NPR site.

Improve your life today! Join a book club.

US News and World Report said that joining a book club is one of the top ways to improve your life. Does this surprise you? When my friend Moses shared this report with me and the rest of our book club, it came as no surprise at all. As the book "Bowling Alone" observes, Americans are much less likely to join gardening clubs or rec sports leagues than they were a generation ago. Instead, we're much more likely to watch TV and be disengaged from our communities, and as a result, our social fabric has become much more thin. Book club brings people together for a gathering that is not completely social, not completely work- or task-driven, but a little bit of both.

Here are the details of my group. It was created by my Google co-worker and his friend who, in her day job, does research with an institute at the U of M business school. Our mission is to focus on books that discuss business and social responsibility. You may think that, with such a narrow focus, our book options are limited, but in fact after one year we still have more books we're eager to read than we have time for! Our picks have ranged from the relatively academic (Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, which traces the life-cycle of a China-manufactured shirt), to The Omnivore's Dilemma, which has become very popular in the media and in "eco-gastronomic" circles.

Our club meets every month at a different house every time. Members are relaxed enough that the decision of where to host and what to read next gets determined at the end of each meeting, and what doesn't get settled is discussed online via our Google Groups forum. (You may have heard of book clubs feuding over book choices like in the article "Fought Over Any Good Books Lately?", but our club is completely drama-free.) We also use our core discussion group as a launching pad for other activities. For example after reading The Omnivore's Dilemma, we toured a local farm and did a bit of weeding, and after reading a book on new urbanism, we invited a business-school professor to discuss local real estate and urban development trends with us.

Ever since graduating from college, I've looked for ways to keep exploring with my mind and get connected with people outside my usual circles. I've done this by listening to lots of NPR (and watching the great TED Talks videos online), volunteering, and pursuing exciting projects at work, but the greatest of all these is my book club.

Two cool things: The Peter C. Alderman Foundation and Google SPC

Earlier this year, the NewsHour featured a remarkable non-profit called the Peter C. Alderman Foundation. Its mission is to provide psychiatric treatment to victims of terrorism, war and genocide.

I hadn't thought to consider the mental needs of conflict victims in addition to their immediate physical safety until I read this book: "A Long Way Gone," by Ishmael Beah. It is the memoir of a young man from Sierra Leone who now lives in the United States. Ishmael was kidnapped by the government army at age twelve and made a child soldier. In the book, you read about him being forced to kill until killing became normal and he could laugh at his victims. Ishmael was eventually removed from the conflict and rehabilitated by UNICEF, re-learning how to interact with other people without violence.

If you believe, as Ishmael does, that all humans are "capable of true evil and equally capable of regaining our humanity," then you understand the urgency of psychological healing.

The Alderman Foundation is associated with the Harvard Program for Refugee Trauma, but what I like most about it is that, instead of sending American physicians abroad, it gives trauma rehabilitation training to local psychiatrists. Counselors practice in their own home countries, sometimes in clinics funded by the foundation.

Being an economics major, I'm impressed with efficiency above all else, and I understand that using native counselors gives the foundation the best bang for it's buck, as one of the founders likes to say. Besides having lower fees and travel costs than Americans would, native psychiatrists minister with an understanding of the country's history and culture that an outsider can't replicate.

You can read the transcript from the NewsHour feature here:
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/social_issues/july-dec07/alderman_09-11.html

I plan on giving a small percentage of my income to the Alderman Foundation, but most of my contribution will be from the second cool thing I'm writing about: Google Self-Powered Commuting (SPC) dollars. I live ten minutes away from the Ann Arbor office, and every day that I walk (or bike) to work, my company donates $5 to the charity of my choice. There's no cap on donations, and we track donations by logging in clicking a button (honor system).

It's great Google gives me the chance to support a charity, but the way I see it, I'm saving Google money too. The office pays for our parking in a public garage, so each day I don't drive represents money that Google doesn't have to spend there. Furthermore, this garage in downtown Ann Arbor gets nearly full every morning, and if many Googlers walk or bike to work, Google A2 won't have to find more parking space, and our resources can be better spent elsewhere.

From the cold room in the Big Yellow House in the lovely town,
Your friend Renee

Live from Bombay

Arriving at Mumbai yesterday at midnight, I had more than 6 hours to kill before boarding my domestic flight to Bangalore, where my friend Poornima's wedding will be. I tried sleeping in the lobby, but was disrupted three times by the airport staff. Tired of being taken for a hobo, and feeling none too sleepy since my internal clock thought it was 6:30 PM (not 4:00 AM), I abandoned the nap and opened my laptop.

Using a computer without internet connection is sadly limited. I started out by playing songs in iTunes, which amused me little. My desktop also shows a continuous slide show of photos from the Flickr and Sartorialist blogs. (You can add this photostream feature as part of Google Desktop). Still bored, I thought to read web pages stored in my cache.

Each time you visit a website, your computer stores an impression of that page as what is called a cache. These impressions aren’t of what the web address would take you to in real time; instead you see a less-fancy version of what your screen had shown in the past. A cache doesn’t show graphics or pictures; I don’t actually know why, but I think my roommate Arnab might, since his research and internship are about data storage.

I accessed cached pages using Google Desktop; this tool lets you search your computer the way Google.com lets you search the internet. Old e-mails, Word documents, and cached pages all are there (at least until you manually clear your cache). This tool let me access Poornima’s phone number and address, as she had emailed the info to me but I left the notebook it was written in at my friend apartment in New York. It also let me read web pages from the New York Times and the Freakonomics blog; pages that I had previously skimmed and now read all the way through in my bored state. Because I wasn’t online, though, clicking on notable links that the writers had added couldn’t take me to new pages that I was interested in.

As a last note: I eventually thought to check the wireless connection to see if I could pick up any signals from the airport. I was thrilled to find I could! (Although I shouldn’t have been suprised; conversations with Indian friends the last two years have told me that India is absolutely a wired country.) There were two providers; Airtel and Tata. The Airtel welcome page said it provided wireless internet for free, but you had to receive a login name and password by phone. When I entered my American mobile number, I never got a message. Perhaps you must have an Indian number. The second provider, Tata, charges for wireless access and would have let me buy a day for 52 rupees. I tried to make order, entering my phone number and address as required, but again, my American number wasn’t recognized as valid.

In economics (and economic history at LSE), we frequently discuss the consequences of transportation and communication barriers—especially in the context of those barriers falling. For example, when roads and train tracks were built across Europe, countries were able to specialize in the goods that they were best at, and import most everything else. Thomas Friedman and company currently observe how fast communication barriers are falling. Part of my job at Google is to chat with AdWords users who have problems or questions, and when I log in to the chat program, I see a long queue of chats completed overnight by people with Indian names. (We have a twin office in Hyderabad). Country-wide cell service let me call my parents in Seattle from an airplane grounded in New Jersey to let them know that had I made it on board, never worrying about which area code I was in. Still, communication costs are not so fluid that I could connect to the Internet freely using my American cell phone and chat with my (awake) friends back at home. Or, um, review the slides of Google training sessions that I will miss while on vacation.

(Addendum: as the airport lobby filled after 5:00 AM, I looked around and saw more men with laptops surfing the net than I saw women in saris. I did not, however, see women in saris surfing the net.)

Something Cool: BillMonk

When I was in high school, my friends almost completely consisted of a tight-knit, super-functional band of self-proclaimed nerds known as the Mock Trial team. We prepared hard for competitions over most evenings and weekends of junior and senior year, and acted in many ways like a family. Whenever someone bought stuff for the group, or spotted for a short-changed teammate when we bought coffee, we didn't much fuss over the financial details. "The way I figure, we spend so much time together that it evens out in the end," is what Corey said.

Given that we were too young to go out for drinks, and anyways too poor for that or any other big-ticket diversion, Corey's reasoning held true. However, living in a house with three other college graduates brings in many more shared payments to keep track of. Rent, utilities, fun stuff-- suddenly "it evens out eventually" can no longer apply.

To keep track of loans and shared payments within the house, my roommates have been using an online product called BillMonk. Having recently joined their house, I've added myself to their account. Within, you can enter payments that one member made and keep track of who owes money. For example, Dan pays the ComCast bill with his card every month. Whenever he gets charged, he logs in his account that the cable was shared by all household members, and that he was the one who paid. Soon afterwards I'll get an email notification of the payment and can see my debt to Dan when I review my account.

Earlier this hour, I logged my first payment, which was for the Harry Potter movie tickets from last Thursday. (We had been running late for the 10:15 showing, so I weilded the credit card.) I hadn't had a BillMonk introduction, but the website is absolutely intuitive to the average computer user.

In my account, I first selected the "New Shared Payment" button. Next, I was prompted to enter the description, date, and amount of the transaction. Lastly, I was directed to two drop-down menus. The first asked, Who Paid? I selected myself. The next asked, Who Participated? I selected my roommates and myself. And that was it; BillMonk divides the payment among all us moviegoers, and now we have a record of the debts. And the neat thing is that the program keeps track of all debts within the house, so when I review my own debts, I see that my ComCast debt to Dan has been lowered by the amount of the movie ticket.

Wondering whether the folks that run BillMonk are connected to Google, I read their "About" page. It looks as if the two co-founders used to work at Amazon and are in fact based in Seattle. BillMonk has been acquired by a mobile money-transfer company called Obopay; now the product has a feature that allows people to enter payments from their cell phones. Quite neat! Google isn't involved, although the Mountain View campus did have the founders over for a Tech Talk.

Introducing AdWords

My primary job at Google will be to help companies that advertise on Google manage their accounts and improve advertising results. Those results may mean: a) raising the number of times their ad shows up on Google, b) improving traffic to their website, or c) increasing actions like purchases or sign-ups that viewers make on the site). AdWords, as this advertising product is called, is designed to make clients self-sufficient; the campaign summary displays the performance metrics mentioned above, and clients can register or cancel their account online. Seeing as clients have their own websites and were able to set up an AdWords account, I'd assume that they are more web-savvy than average. Still, when they need help with their accounts or advice on improving performance, they contact Google. That's where I come in-- or will, after my training is done.
This morning, I've been "studying" for work by looking through the AdWords page as if I were a client. Google gave new Account Associates (as my position is called) an AdWords account to learn and play with. It's referred to as our Sandbox Account :) I've linked mine to my friends' website, Recipe Tango. Chris Doyle and Sutee Dee, graduates of Olin College, are working on a site to teach people how to cook and have fun in the kitchen. It's an awesome business-- more on them later.
So I set up the account and used keywords like "cooking supplies" and "learn to cook" and "pad thai recipe." Keywords are the terms that people will have searched for when they see the ad. Apparently, my ad has shown up four times! Twice under "learn cooking," once under "learn to cook," and once under "lasagna recipe." It's, like, eighth on the list of sponsored links, which is pretty awful since people tend to pick the top ads if they click at all. Hmm. Good thing I have twelve weeks of training ahead of me. So now I'm reading up on how to improve my ad position. Meanwhile, one of my roommates is meditating in his room and another is making blueberry muffins. It looks like this is going to be a good Sunday.

From the dining room table at the Yellow House,
Renee

2nd day at work!

This is my second day at Google A2 (that's Ann Arbor to you), where I'm part of the AdWords team. This group helps advertisers create targeted ads and generates revenue to support the Google products we are all familiar with and use for free. One of the major benefits of Google's advertising products is that it allows clients to track customer flow: how often are people clicking on the ad? are they buying things and giving advertisers a good return on their expenses? Google Analytics is a feature that tracks this information. It also allows website publishers to track traffic to and within the site: which pages within the site are internet users most interested in? At which point do viewers drop off? To familiarize ourselves with Google Analytics, the AdWords Nooglers are each creating their own blogs. I'll install the tracking code on my blog and learn how to use the feature through my own site. It's just a test; I'll do my best to keep it current, but no promises! If people could visit it once in a while, that would be super helpful.

Writing from the fifth floor of the A2 Google building,
Renee